Primate infraorder including the mainly Eocene Adapidae and their close relatives, as distinguished from the living Lemuriformes. Together, Adapiformes and Lemuriformes form the Strepsirhini. Adapiformes was erected by F.S.Szalay and E.Delson to distinguish a collection of primarily Eocene primates from more recent and supposedly descendant strepsirhines. Adapiformes here subsumes the super-family Adapoidea, which in turn contains the families Adapidae, Notharctidae, and perhaps Sivaladapidae. Adapoidea, when used previously, had included only the Holarctic family Notharctidae and the European family Adapidae and had been grouped with extant taxa in the infraorder Lemuri-formes. Some researchers have thought that Sivaladapis and other southern Asian Miocene forms could be related to adapids and distinguished as the family Sivaladapidae, but it seems that this concept combines unrelated taxa whose phyletic links are to different strepsirhine groups (Notharctidae and Lorisidae); the family is no longer recognized here.
Szalay and Delson suggested that the adapiforms could be distinguished from all lemuriforms because they lack the derived tooth comb that characterizes the latter group. Here, however, it is argued that the only feature that distinguishes Adapiformes as a group apart from extant strepsirhines is its members’ greater antiquity.
There are no morphological features peculiar to adapiforms that would attest to their monophyly: The lack of a tooth comb is an ancestral condition that does not unify adapiforms or any other group; it is not even clear that the mere presence of a tooth comb unites all lemuriforms to the exclusion of any “adapiform.”
Inasmuch as characteristics of Strepsirhini are based historically on aspects of softtissue
morphology, the phylogenetic association of any adapiform with extant taxa must
be based on fossilizable material. Traditionally, the association of adapiforms with extant
taxa rested primarily on the sharing by various notharctids, adapids, and lemurs of the
“lemurlike” bulla—i.e., an “inflated” auditory bulla whose lateral edge extends laterally
beyond the inferior margin of the tympanic ring (the “free” tympanic ring). Recent
studies of the wrist and ankle morphology of various extant primates and bones of these
regions attributed to Adapis, Leptadapis, Notharctus, Cantius, Caenopithecus, and
Smilodectes have concluded that certain features, while not uniting adapiforms as a group, are suggestive of the overall monophyly of “adapiform” and extant lemuriform taxa. These same studies of the postcranium, as well as earlier analyses based on craniodental morphology, came to the conclusion that Adapidae and Notharctidae, at least, were not sister taxa. Rather, the former taxon was more closely related to extant lemurs than was the latter.
To retain the overall pattern of primate phylogeny and classification laid out for this encyclopedia, Adapiformes is here utilized as a paraphyletic taxon. Genera previously included in a unitary family Adapidae have been allocated to the families Adapidae and Notharctidae or placed as possible adapiforms of uncertain relationship. Some of the latter have also been suggested as possible protoanthropoids and/or included in the adapid (or notharctid) subfamily Cercamoniinae (=?Protoadapinae).
Infraorder Adapiformes
Family indeterminate
†Caenopithecus
†Lushius
†Azibius
†Panobius
†Djebelemur
†Wailekia
†Rencunius
†Pondaungia
†Hoanghonius
†extinct
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